How can spore formers be destroyed

The process of forming an endospore is complex. The model organism used to study endospore formation is Bacillus subtilis. Endospore development requires several hours to complete. Key morphological changes in the process have been used as markers to define stages of development. As a cell begins the process of forming an endospore, it divides asymmetrically Stage II. This results in the creation of two compartments, the larger mother cell and the smaller forespore. These two cells have different developmental fates.

Intercellular communication systems coordinate cell-specific gene expression through the sequential activation of specialized sigma factors in each of the cells. Next Stage III , the peptidoglycan in the septum is degraded and the forespore is engulfed by the mother cell, forming a cell within a cell. Finally, the mother cell is destroyed in a programmed cell death, and the endospore is released into the environment.

The endospore will remain dormant until it senses the return of more favorable conditions. Some Epulopiscium -like surgeonfish symbionts form mature endospores at night.

These spores possess all of the characteristic protective layers seen in B. These are the largest endospores described thus far, with the largest being over times larger than a Bacillus subtilis endospore. The formation of endospores may help maintain the symbiotic association between these Epulopiscium -like symbionts and their surgeonfish hosts.

Since endospore formation coincides with periods in which the host surgeonfish is not actively feeding, the cells do not need to compete for the limited nutrients present in the gut at night. The protective properties of the endospores also allow them to survive passage to new surgeonfish hosts.

The fish may also benefit from this relationship because it is able to maintain stable microbial populations that assist in digestion and may receive a nutritional gain from microbial products released during mother cell death and spore germination. Endospore formation in some Epulopiscium -like symbionts follows a daily cycle: A Polar septa are formed at the poles of the cell. B Forespores become engulfed. C Forespores gradually increase in size within the mother cell through the day.

D In late afternoon, final preparations for endospore dormancy. E Endospores mature and remain dormant throughout most of the night. Secondly the spores are very hydrophobic Husmark, , and will attach to the surfaces of the pipelines of the dairy industry, where they might multiply and resporulate.

A third problem is that pasteurisation heating is insufficient to kill the spores, while competition from other vegetative bacteria is eliminated. It seems that several B. None of the methods used to control hygiene in the dairy industry so far are able to control B.

This is a continuously increasing problem for the industry but, with emerging knowledge, we should be able to control it. In this paper we will discuss the problems the food industry is facing with C. We will also give our view on how research might ease these problems in the future. Abstract Spore-forming bacteria are special problems for the food industry. Substances Enterotoxins.